Carbon carbon neutral action of peak as the focus of all walks of life in China in 2021, caused the social from all walks of life, but for carbon, carbon, carbon neutral, carbon sequestration, using carbon capture and sequestration, carbon emissions, carbon trading and carbon emissions quota eight key words, many people still don't understand, combing one by one here to help you:
1. Carbon emissions
Carbon ₄ is a general name or short form for greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), etc. In terms of emissions, carbon dioxide is the largest emitter, accounting for up to 55% of the total. Therefore, carbon emission is used as the short form. The term "carbon emissions" is simply understood as "carbon dioxide" emissions. At present, carbon peak carbon neutrality is mainly aimed at "carbon dioxide".
Any human activity is likely to contribute to carbon emissions, such as daily cooking, whether using firewood, coal or natural gas. It can be said that carbon emissions exist in every aspect of daily life. According to scientists' estimates, if the trend of carbon emissions over the past 30 years continues, average global warming will exceed 3 ° C by the end of the century, leading to climate catastrophe and even species extinction. As a result, countries around the world are coming together to achieve peak carbon neutrality.
2, carbon peak
Popularly speaking, carbon peak is the point at which carbon dioxide emissions stop growing, reach a peak and begin to gradually decrease. The time and difficulty of carbon neutralization are directly influenced by the peak and peak of carbon and the arrival time.
China's commitment to achieve carbon peak by 2030 means that China must achieve carbon peak within 9 years, which is very challenging for China, which is in the rapid development stage of industrialization and urbanization.
3. Carbon neutral
Carbon neutrality refers to the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions produced by countries, enterprises and even individuals over a certain period of time, which reduces the impact of man-made emissions on the climate to an almost negligible degree through various forms such as afforestation, energy conservation and carbon capture. Carbon neutrality is not "absolute zero emissions", but the carbon dioxide emissions of human offset to "relatively zero emissions" state.
Now, carbon neutrality has become an important strategic goal of many countries. In 2008, the UK Climate Change Act came into force, making the UK the first country in the world to achieve carbon neutrality through legislation. Under the influence of this act, the United States, Germany, France, Japan, Italy, Canada and other developed countries have also expressed their commitment to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Up to now, more than 30 countries have put forward carbon emission targets. On September 22, 2020, China officially announced that it aims to peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and become carbon neutral by 2060. This means that China's transition period from peak to carbon neutral is only 30 years, while developed countries generally need 60 to 70 years.
4, and carbon sequestration
"Carbon sink", defined by the Kyoto Protocol as "the process, activity or mechanism of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere", mainly uses afforestation, forest management, vegetation restoration and other measures to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and fix it in vegetation and soil, so as to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Carbon sequestration mainly includes forest carbon sequestration, grassland carbon sequestration, cultivated land carbon sequestration and ocean carbon sequestration, among which forest carbon sequestration is a low-cost and economically feasible way to increase carbon sequestration and reduce emissions. It is reported that every 1 cubic meter of forest growth volume, about can absorb 1.83 tons of carbon dioxide, release 1.62 tons of oxygen.
By 2018, China had 220 million hectares of forest and 17.56 billion cubic meters of forest stock, maintaining double growth for more than 30 years in a row. The forest coverage rate reaches 22.96%, the total carbon storage is 9.186 billion tons, the annual carbon sequestration is 434 million tons, and the annual oxygen release is 1.029 billion tons. Forest resources have become the main force to achieve carbon neutrality in China.
5. Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)
Carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS) is the purification of carbon dioxide emitted during production and put into a new production process for recycling or storage. At present, China has done a lot of work and made remarkable progress in green and low-carbon frontier technologies such as carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage, membrane carbon capture technology and plasmon artificial photosynthesis technology.
According to statistics, there are various types of CCUS demonstration projects in China, and the carbon dioxide captured by all CCUS capture projects in 2019 was about 1.7 million tons. Among them, membrane carbon capture technology has great application potential in the field of energy and environment, with advantages of small footprint, environmental friendliness and low energy consumption. Through membrane flue gas carbon capture and other technologies, efficient carbon capture and emission reduction can be achieved, contributing to carbon peak and carbon neutrality.
6. Carbon Emission Permit (CER)
Carbon emission right is a kind of emission right, also known as greenhouse gas emission right. Generally speaking, carbon emission right is the right to discharge a certain amount of greenhouse gas into the atmosphere through the permission of environmental protection administrative department within the scope of environmental capacity.
7. Carbon emission quota
Generally speaking, carbon emission quota refers to the future emission quota set by the government for each region or enterprise according to the emission reduction needs and combined with the fuel consumption emission of each region or enterprise. The carbon emission quota set by the government is usually lower than the historical emission value of the region or enterprise. If the region or enterprise emits more than the quota in the future, it needs to buy the quota or CER (certified emission reduction) in the market.
Why do we need a carbon quota? At present, carbon dioxide is the main gas causing greenhouse effect and threatening the survival of human beings. In order to limit carbon dioxide emissions, economists quantify and commercialize carbon emission weights. The government sets carbon emission quotas for each region or enterprise and issues emission reduction targets to control the carbon emissions of regions and enterprises.
8. Carbon trading
In the context of limiting carbon dioxide emissions, carbon emission rights become scarce resources, and carbon emission rights become a commodity for sale. The so-called carbon trading refers to the buying and selling of carbon emission rights.
There are three main forms of carbon trading: one is paid bidding, that is, when the country distributes carbon emission quota, part of it is paid by bidding; The second is the transfer of agreement, that is, the two sides of the transaction according to their own needs to negotiate a deal; The third is open bidding, that is, the seller of carbon quota puts the transaction volume on the market and trades according to the principle of price first and time first.
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